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Tuesday, April 3, 2012

Reasons for Employing Integrational Strategies in Teaching Chemistry Concepts


1.  Chemistry Studies God’s Illustrated Word
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that matter can undergo.   Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.  Matter makes up the whole physical universe. 
            We Christians acknowledge that God’s Word comes in three forms: the Living Word (which is Jesus), the Written Word (the Bible), and the Illustrated Word (all nature and creation).  It was the Living Word who spoke and created all nature (Genesis 1 and John 1:1-4) and it was He who sent the Holy Spirit to reveal to mankind His love and His truth through the Written Word (John 16:13).  Therefore the science that investigates matter (from minute atoms to huge planets) and the changes that matter undergoes (from the metabolism taking place inside the cells to the nuclear reactions in gigantic stars) is not only mere chemistry but a study of God’s Illustrated Word as well.  As pointed out earlier, the Creator of the Illustrated Word and the Author of the Written Word is one and the same, thus the principles that run through both Illustrated and Written Words will also be the same.  If both the Illustrated and Written Words are rightly studied, the experience should and would always point to their Creator and Author, the Living Word, resulting in praise and honour to Him who is the source of all these wonderful things.
            I believe that it is from this perspective that Chemistry, and other natural science subjects, must be taught in Christian schools.  Ellen G. White wrote that “Science, in order to be fully appreciated, must be viewed from a religious standpoint.... The attributes of God as seen in His created works can be appreciated only as we have a knowledge of the Creator.”[1]  In lectures and sermons, well-chosen illustrations are very useful; they paint pictures that are worth a thousand words.  But if lectures and sermons are all illustrations, no matter how captivating their delivery, they have a tendency to become confusing, sending messages that are unclear and devoid of any point or purpose.  Likewise, the investigation of God’s Illustrated Word must be integrated with the study of His Written Word in order for the experience to be meaningful and productive.

2.  Chemistry Concepts May Serve as God’s Object Lessons
            If the Bible, God’s Written Word, is the primary Book that reveals God’s truth and character, then nature, which includes matter and all creation, may be considered as the second Book that displays God’s creative wisdom and might.  Science may serve as a source book for many spiritual lessons.  “Next to the Bible, nature is to be our great lesson book”[2] because “Nature and revelation alike testify of God’s love.”[3]  I fully believe that Chemistry holds an important and significant portion of that second great lesson book.  In my years of experience of teaching Chemistry, I discovered that many basic concepts of Chemistry have spiritual implications.  Many of these concepts serve as excellent illustrations or analogies to the Biblical principles and precepts.  Others may be used as part of the integrational themes or they may serve as motivation for spiritual discourses. Jesus Christ, the Master Teacher, used parables as the major element in His teaching techniques.  Ellen White wrote a volume of this method of Christ’s teachings in her book Christ’s Object Lessons, from which this essay’s title was based upon.  Mark gave us a quaint description of Christ’s main teaching or speaking strategy when he wrote, “He did not say anything to them without using a parable” (Mark 4:34[4]).  What made this teaching technique so effective?  It is the tying of symbols or objects to the truths that were being taught.  He used pearls and treasures when He preached about heaven; sheep and goats when He taught Christian duties; the story of the prodigal son when He told about His Father’s love.  So every time His hearers would come across those objects or similar situations they would be reminded of what Jesus had taught and might even get some hands-on learning experience.  What used to be just a common surrounding of everyday life now has a richer meaning.  Through this technique, Jesus “was able to teach even when He was not physically present.”[5] That made His teaching style more effective.  Chemistry concepts may also be used as object lessons for learning faith.

3.  Chemistry Classes May Serve as the “Out of Season” Seasons to “Be Ready”
            I consider engagements that are not related to religion courses or church and Sabbath services as “out of season” seasons that a committed Christian should be prepared for.  Paul charged Timothy to “preach the Word; be prepared in season and out of season” (2 Timothy 4:2, emphasis supplied).  The apostle’s charge still applies to every Christian today.  We simply are tasked and expected to preach (to proclaim) the Word (God’s truth) all the time.  In our classes, we can do the preaching by integrating object lessons in our lectures and activities.  If we are doing this in a regular basis then the “out of season” will become “seasons” for sowing precious seeds of truths in the hearts of our students.
            Paul also added, “be prepared.”  This means that we are not only to prepare our object lessons but ourselves as well so that we can “correct, rebuke, and encourage—with great patience and faithful instruction.”  And this is the harder part of “preaching.”  Spiritual preparation is the most important aspect in our “preaching” preparation.  A Christian teacher must have a saving relationship with Jesus for him to be an effective witness for his or her students.
           
4.  Integrational Strategies Enhances Students’ Learning and Remembering.
            Learning is the primary goal of teaching.  Learning here, of course, means that the subject matter or the concepts taught are well understood.  But in order for the learned concepts to be of great use for a learner, they must also be remembered well.  One technique for remembering is through association.  If a learner can associate the learned concepts to some previously-learned concepts or experiences or to some familiar objects, he will be better able to assimilate and retrieve the new concepts learned.[6] Integrational approaches do just that.  It associates the topic or lesson that is being discussed to familiar faith concepts.  Integrational strategies, if properly executed, may also liven up seemingly monotonous discussions of some less interesting topics.



[1]       White, Ellen G. 1947. Testimonies to Ministers and Gospel Workers.  Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. p. 196.
[2]       White, Ellen G. 1954. Child Guidance. Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Publishing Association. p. 45.
[3]      White, Ellen G. 1977. Steps to Christ. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. p. 9.
[4]      Unless otherwise indicated, Bible quotations are from the New International Version, 1989. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House.
[5]       Melbourne, Bertram L.  2003.  Still teaching after two millennia: What can we learn from the Master Teacher?  The Journal of Adventist Education 65, 5:  5-9.
[6]      Rittenbach, Gail Perry.  How to liven lethal lectures. The Journal of Adventist Education 68, 5:  42.

Monday, April 2, 2012

An Introduction to Integration of Faith and Learning in Chemistry


What Hath God Wrought
.[1]



“God is the author of science...true science contributes fresh evidences of the wisdom and power of God.  Rightly understood, science and the written word agree, and each sheds light on the other.”[2]  Isaac Newton (1622-1727), the scientist who developed theories of light and of universal gravitation and shared with Leibniz the credit of inventing calculus stated that the wonders and the complexities of nature point to a wise and benevolent deity and an intelligent Creator. Lord Kelvin (1824-1907), the scientist who discovered the Second Law of Thermodynamics, believed that the universal natural law was written by a God who created the Universe.  Joseph Henry (1797-1878), the renowned American physicist who discovered self-inductance, considered the study of science as the contemplation of God’s creation.  Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), a well-known biologist who made many advances in biology, believed that spontaneous generation is not possible and that the reason why matter is organized is only because there is an Infinite power who organized it.[3]  These renowned men along with other founding fathers of science like Michael Faraday, James Joule, Robert Boyle, James Maxwell, Blaise Pascal and many others see that the astounding design in nature and the amazing law that governs it are evidences of a mighty and loving Creator.  What hath God wrought certainly points back to Him.[4]

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) located at CERN, the European Centre for Nuclear Research, in Geneva was switched on last September 10, 2008.  The LHC project is considered as “the biggest experiment ever,” [5] and “the largest collaborative efforts ever attempted in the physical sciences.”[6]  Thousands of scientists and researchers representing about 500 universities and 80 nationalities were attracted to this project.  Professor Stephen Hawking said that the work of the LHC “is crucial for the survival of humanity.”[7] So what is this highly esteemed project all about?  Why do so many eagerly anticipate to see what this project can accomplish?  Why have the leaders of these mighty nations decided to contribute resources into this scientific endeavour?  Professor Brian Cox gave the simple answer when he wrote that the LHC machine “will revolutionise our understanding of the universe by recreating the conditions which were present less than a billionth of a second after the Big Bang.”[8]


There has been a transformation in the focus of particle science these last few decades.  Where once only the study of electrons, protons, and neutrons, now it is the piercing deep into the bosons, fermions, mesons, hadrons, gluons, and quarks.  Scientists, by becoming more and more acquainted with these “deeper” things, are also becoming more and more convinced (it seems, as what they claim) that matter and the universe came into existence without an Intelligent Designer behind it, that no Engineer is needed for its maintenance and support.

Two generations of scientists, two different approaches to science.  It is now quite alarming that the discipline once used by great minds to point to the existence of an intelligent Creator now is employed to discredit Him.  The “Biggest Experiment on the Planet” today has just begun running with one main mission—to set aside Genesis creation and invite us to Come, let’s look at the Big Bang.  Of course, they did not say it that way; but the “Big Bang” thing alludes to it.  Obviously, the worldviews of most of the scientists today are conversely different from those of their “founding fathers.”


A New King.[9]  


Exodus 1 tells of “a king who did not know about Joseph.” Many scientists today are just like that new king.  They do not know Joseph’s or Newton’s or Kelvin’s God anymore.  They have forgotten that during those times of famine—of knowledge and truth, these men brought awareness and understanding of scientific principles that significantly contributed to the modernization of our society.  Instead of approaching science in a Biblical perspective, they put the Bible and its teachings aside.  These “new king” scientists are out to “kill” our children spiritually too by their “strange” teachings.  Look at what they’re doing in public schools today.  Evolution is preached in every science class.  Thus, if Shiphrah and Puah (God-fearing midwives)[10] and Amram and Jochebed (God-fearing parents) were needed then, they are much more needed now.

Committed Christian teachers all over the world are the Shiphrahs, Puahs, Amrams and Jochebeds of today.  When they are delivering their services they are doing them fearing God.  Like those midwives, they’re making sure that the “babies” whom they have touched and handled are alive after leaving their hands.  Like those godly parents, they’re “seizing the moments” to train the Moseses who will be going to the “palace” after just a short while.

This brief essay shows how we, teachers, can integrate faith and learning in our classes.  This is the key factor that makes our teaching Christian.  We have to showcase to our students God’s character and might while teaching the courses that we are handling.  Although the presentations here are using chemistry concepts, the examples outlined here will serve as guides or bases for other fields or disciplines.  The similitudes in the principles of Chemistry and Faith are bountiful and I included examples of them in this essay.  I call the particulars of these similitudes as Object Lessons.[11]  Just as Christ associated the common experiences of the builder, the traveller, the shepherd, or the familiar objects like a coin, salt, and a city on a hill to the divine truths and principles, one can link the principles of chemistry to the principles and experience of faith.  “The Author of nature is the Author of the Bible. Creation and Christianity have one God. God is revealed in nature, and God is revealed in His word.”[12]

            The integration of faith and learning in this project is mainly presented in Analogous, Textual, and Thematic instructional strategies.[13] The first portion of this paper outlines the reasons why integrating faith in chemistry classes is not only proper but important as well.  This part presents the reasons for the compatibility and the benefits of doing Chemistry and Bible study simultaneously.  The second portion lists examples of the integrational strategies, providing one or more illustrations on how they are employed in the classroom and other examples are given in tabular form for quick reference and for easy reading. 



[1]       This phrase is originally from the KJV of Numbers 23:23.  This was the first message sent by Morse using the Morse Code.  This is also the title of the newest Pulitzer Prize winner book written by Daniel Walker Howe.
[2]       White, Ellen G. 1943. Counsels to Parents, Teachers, and Students.  Mountain View, CA: Pacific Press Publishing Association. p. 426.
[3]      Claussen, Ben. (2001).  A believing scientist approaches the sciences.  Christ in the Classroom, 28, 520-521.
[4]      “Since what may be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them. For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse” Romans 1:19, 20, NIV.
[5]       The figures and quotes in this paragraph were all taken from the internet news. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?xml=/earth/exclusions/CERN_large_hadron_collider.xml.
[8]     http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/09/06/do0604.xml.
[9]      See Exodus 1:8.
[10]       See Exodus 1:15–17.
[11]      The idea was taken from Ellen G. White’s book Christ’s Object Lessons (abbreviated as COL).  This book studies and expounds Christ’s parable teachings in the hope of drawing the readers to the Saviour through a deeper understanding of the principles of God’s kingdom.  Christ’s parables link common things and occasions to divine truths. “In Christ's teaching: the unknown was illustrated by the known; divine truths by earthly things with which the people were most familiar” (from COL page 17). In similar manner, this paper presents chemistry concepts (which are common to students) and link them to faith concepts. Many of the “links” in this paper are in the form of analogies or metaphors but some are drawn through contrasts just as the drawing of lessons from a few of Christ’s parables.
[12]     White, Ellen G. 1941. Christ’s Object Lessons. Washington, D. C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. p. 17.
[13]     The definitions used in this paper related to Instructional strategies are based from the essay of John Wesley Taylor V published on Christ in the Classroom.  For a more detailed presentation of these Instructional Strategies, see: Taylor V, J. W. 2000. Instructional strategies for the integration of faith and learning.  Christ In the Classroom 27: 409-425.